Old Fashioned Lawyer Courage Not to Act

American lawyer and leading member of the American Civil Liberties Union

Clarence Darrow
Darrow in 1922
Born	Clarence Seward Darrow (1857-04-18)April eighteen, 1857 Farmdale, Ohio, U.S.
Died	March 13, 1938(1938-03-thirteen) (aged 80) Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Alma mater	Allegheny College Academy of Michigan
Occupation	Lawyer
Political party	Independent
Spouse(southward)	Jessie Ohl ​ ​ (m. 1880; div. 1897)​ Ruby Hammerstrom ​ (m. 1903)​
Children	i
Relatives	J. Howard Moore (brother-in-police) Karl K. Darrow (nephew)
Signature

Clarence Seward Darrow (; April 18, 1857 – March 13, 1938) was an American lawyer who became famous in the early on 20th century for his involvement in the Leopold and Loeb murder trial and the Scopes "Monkey" Trial. He was a leading member of the American Civil Liberties Union, and a prominent abet for Georgist economical reform.

Called a "sophisticated country lawyer",^[i] Darrow's wit and eloquence made him ane of the most prominent attorneys and ceremonious libertarians in the nation.^[two] He dedicated loftier-contour clients in many famous trials of the early 20th century, including teenage thrill killers Leopold and Loeb for murdering 14-twelvemonth-sometime Robert "Bobby" Franks (1924); teacher John T. Scopes in the Scopes "Monkey" Trial (1925), in which he opposed statesman and orator William Jennings Bryan; and Ossian Sweet in a racially charged cocky-defense case (1926).

Early life [edit]

Clarence Darrow was built-in in the small town of Farmdale, Ohio, on April 18, 1857,^[three] the fifth son of Amirus and Emily Darrow (née Eddy), but grew up in nearby Kinsman, Ohio. Both the Darrow and Boil families had deep roots in colonial New England, and several of Darrow's ancestors served in the American Revolution. Darrow's father was an ardent abolitionist and a proud iconoclast and religious freethinker. He was known throughout the town as the "village infidel".^[four] Emily Darrow was an early on supporter of female suffrage and a women's rights advocate.

The young Clarence attended Allegheny College and the University of Michigan Law School, but did non graduate from either institution. He attended Allegheny Higher for only one year before the Panic of 1873 struck, and Darrow was determined non to be a fiscal brunt to his father any longer. Over the side by side iii years he taught in the wintertime at the commune school in a country community.

While teaching, Darrow started to study the constabulary on his own, and by the end of his tertiary year of instruction, his family urged him to enter the constabulary section at Ann Arbor. Darrow studied there for only a year when he decided that it would be much more than cost-effective to apprentice (read law) in an actual law office. When he felt that he was ready, he took the Ohio bar exam and passed.^[five] He was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1878. The Clarence Darrow Octagon House, his babyhood abode in Kinsman, contains a memorial to him.

Marriages and child [edit]

Darrow married Jessie Ohl in Apr 1880. They had 1 child, Paul Edward Darrow, in 1883. They were divorced in 1897. Darrow afterwards married Carmine Hammerstrom, a journalist 16 years his inferior, in 1903. They had no children.^[half-dozen]

Legal career [edit]

Darrow opened his get-go law part in Andover, Ohio, a small farming town just ten miles from Kinsman. Having picayune to no experience, he started off slowly and gradually built up his career by dealing with the everyday complaints and problems of a farming community. After two years Darrow felt he was ready to take on new and different cases and moved his practice to Ashtabula, Ohio, which had a population of five,000 people and was the largest city in the canton.^[5] There he became involved in Democratic Political party politics and served as the town counsel.

In 1880, he married Jessie Ohl, and eight years subsequently he moved to Chicago with his wife and young son, Paul. He did not accept much business when he first moved to Chicago, and spent as footling as possible. He joined the Henry George Club and made some friends and connections in the city. Beingness part of the gild too gave him an opportunity to speak for the Democratic Party on the upcoming election. He slowly made a name for himself through these speeches, somewhen earning the continuing to speak in whatever hall he liked. He was offered work as an chaser for the city of Chicago. Darrow worked in the city law department for two years when he resigned and took a position as a lawyer at the Chicago and North-Western Railway Company.^[five] In 1894, Darrow represented Eugene Five. Debs, the leader of the American Railway Union, who was prosecuted past the federal government for leading the Pullman Strike of 1894. Darrow severed his ties with the railroad to represent Debs, making a financial sacrifice. He saved Debs in one trial merely could not keep him from beingness jailed in another.

Likewise in 1894, Darrow took on the first murder case of his career, defending Patrick Eugene Prendergast, the "mentally deranged out-of-stater" who had confessed to murdering Chicago mayor Carter Harrison, Sr.^[7] Darrow's "insanity defense" failed and Prendergast was executed that same twelvemonth. Among fifty defenses in murder cases throughout the whole of Darrow's career, the Prendergast case would prove to be the merely one resulting in an execution, though Darrow did not join the defense team until later Prendergast's conviction and sentence, in an effort to spare him the noose.^[7]

From corporate lawyer to labor lawyer [edit]

Darrow soon became i of America'southward leading labor attorneys. He helped organize the Populist Party in Illinois and so ran for U.S. Congress as a Democrat in 1895 but lost to Hugh R. Belknap. In 1897, his marriage to Jessie Ohl ended in divorce. He joined the Anti-Imperialist League in 1898 in opposition to the U.S. annexation of the Philippines. He represented the woodworkers of Wisconsin in a notable case in Oshkosh in 1898 and the United Mine Workers in Pennsylvania in the keen black coal strike of 1902. He flirted with the idea of running for mayor of Chicago in 1903 but ultimately decided against it. The post-obit year, in July, Darrow married Cerise Hammerstrom, a young Chicago journalist.^[8] His former mentor, Governor John Peter Altgeld, joined Darrow's house following his Chicago mayoral balloter defeat in 1899 and worked with Darrow until his decease in 1902.^{[ citation needed ]}

Clarence Darrow in 1902^[9]

From 1906 to 1908, Darrow represented the Western Federation of Miners leaders William "Large Bill" Haywood, Charles Moyer, and George Pettibone when they were arrested and charged with conspiring to murder former Idaho Governor Frank Steunenberg in 1905. Haywood and Pettibone were acquitted in divide trials, and the charges against Moyer were so dropped.^{[ citation needed ]}

In 1911, the American Federation of Labor (AFL) called on Darrow to defend the McNamara brothers, John and James, who were charged in the Los Angeles Times bombing on Oct 1, 1910, during the bitter struggle over the open store in Southern California. The bomb had been placed in an alley backside the building, and although the explosion itself did not bring the building downward, it ignited nearby ink barrels and natural gas primary lines. In the ensuing burn, twenty people were killed. The AFL appealed to local, land, regional and national unions to donate 25 cents per capita to the defense fund, and prepare up defense committees in larger cities throughout the nation to have donations.^{[ citation needed ]}

In the weeks before the jury was seated, Darrow became increasingly concerned about the issue of the trial and began negotiations for a plea deal to spare the defendants' lives. During the weekend of November 19–xx, 1911, he discussed with pro-labor announcer Lincoln Steffens and newspaper publisher E.Westward. Scripps the possibility of reaching out to the Times about the terms of a plea understanding. The prosecution had demands of its ain, however, including an admission of guilt in open court and longer sentences than the defense proposed.^{[10] [11]}

The defense'due south position weakened when, on November 28, Darrow was accused of orchestrating to ransom a prospective juror. The juror reported the offering to constabulary, who gear up a sting and observed the defense team'due south main investigator, Bert Franklin, delivering $4,000 to the juror two blocks away from Darrow'due south role. After making payment, Franklin walked one cake in the management of Darrow's office before being arrested correct in front end of Darrow himself, who had merely walked to that very intersection after receiving a phone call in his office. With Darrow himself on the verge of being discredited, the defense's hope for a simple plea agreement ended.^{[12] [thirteen]} On Dec ane, 1911, the McNamara brothers inverse their pleas to guilty, in open courtroom. The plea bargain Darrow helped arrange earned John 15 years and James life imprisonment. Despite sparing the brothers the expiry penalisation, Darrow was accused by many in organized labor of selling the movement out.^{[ commendation needed ]}

From defense force lawyer to defendant [edit]

2 months later, Darrow was charged with two counts of attempting to bribe jurors in both cases. He faced two lengthy trials. In the first, defended by Earl Rogers, he was acquitted. Rogers became ill during the second trial and rarely came to court.^[xiv] Darrow served as his own attorney for the remainder of the trial, which ended with a hung jury. A deal was struck in which the district attorney agreed not to retry Darrow if he promised not to do law again in California.^[fifteen] Darrow's early biographers, Irving Rock and Arthur and Lila Weinberg, asserted that he was non involved in the bribery conspiracy, but more recently, Geoffrey Cowan and John A. Farrell, with the help of new prove, ended that he most certainly was.^{[12] [xvi]} In the biography of Earl Rogers past his daughter Adela, she wrote: "I never had any doubts, fifty-fifty before 1 of my father's private conversations with Darrow included an admission of guilt to his lawyer."^[17]

From labor lawyer to criminal lawyer [edit]

Every bit a result of the bribery charges, most labor unions dropped Darrow from their listing of preferred attorneys. This effectively put Darrow out of business as a labor lawyer, and he switched to civil and criminal cases. He took the latter because he had become convinced that the criminal justice system could ruin people'southward lives if they were not fairly represented.^[xviii]

Throughout his career, Darrow devoted himself to opposing the decease penalty, which he felt to be in conflict with humanitarian progress. In more than than 100 cases, but one of Darrow'due south clients was executed. He became renowned for moving juries and fifty-fifty judges to tears with his eloquence. Darrow had a keen intellect often hidden by his rumpled, unassuming appearance.^{[ citation needed ]}

A July 23, 1915, article in the Chicago Tribune describes Darrow'southward try on behalf of J.H. Trick, an Evanston, Illinois, landlord, to accept Mary Southward. Brazelton committed to an insane asylum against the wishes of her family. Play a trick on alleged that Brazelton owed him rent coin, although other residents of Play a trick on'southward boarding house testified to her sanity.^{[ citation needed ]}

National renown [edit]

Leopold and Loeb [edit]

In the summer of 1924, Darrow took on the case of Nathan Leopold Jr. and Richard Loeb, the teenage sons of two wealthy Chicago families who were accused of kidnapping and killing Bobby Franks, a 14-year-one-time boy, from their stylish southside Kenwood neighborhood. Leopold was a law student at the University of Chicago well-nigh to transfer to Harvard Law Schoolhouse, and Loeb was the youngest graduate e'er from the University of Michigan; they were xviii and 17, respectively, when they were arrested.^[v] When asked why they committed the crime, Leopold told his captors: "The thing that prompted Dick to want to do this thing and prompted me to want to do this thing was a sort of pure love of excitement ... the imaginary beloved of thrills, doing something different ... the satisfaction and the ego of putting something over."

Chicago newspapers labeled the case the "Trial of the Century"^[19] and Americans around the state wondered what could bulldoze the 2 immature men, blessed with everything their society could offer, to commit such a depraved act. The killers had been arrested after a passing workman spotted the victim's trunk in an isolated nature preserve near the Indiana border just half a day after it was hidden, before they could collect a $10,000 bribe. Nearby were Leopold'south eyeglasses with their distinctive, traceable frames, which he had dropped at the scene.

Leopold and Loeb made full confessions and took police on a hunt around Chicago to collect the evidence that would exist used against them. The land'south attorney told the press that he had a "hanging case" for sure. Darrow stunned the prosecution when he had his clients plead guilty in society to avoid a vengeance-minded jury and place the case before a approximate. The trial, and then, was actually a long sentencing hearing in which Darrow contended, with the help of adept testimony, that Leopold and Loeb were mentally diseased.

Darrow's closing argument lasted 12 hours. He repeatedly stressed the ages of the "boys" (before the Vietnam War, the age of majority was 21) and noted that "never had at that place been a case in Chicago where on a plea of guilty a boy under 21 had been sentenced to death." His plea was designed to soften the heart of Judge John Caverly, but as well to mold public stance, then that Caverly could follow precedent without as well huge an uproar. Darrow succeeded. Caverly sentenced Leopold and Loeb to life in prison plus 99 years. Darrow's endmost argument was published in several editions in the late 1920s and early on 1930s, and was reissued at the time of his death.^[18]

The Leopold and Loeb case raised, in a well-publicized trial, Darrow'south lifelong contention that psychological, physical, and environmental influences—not a conscious option between right and incorrect—control human being behavior. Darrow's psychiatric expert witnesses testified that both boys "were incomparably deficient in emotion". Darrow afterwards argued that emotion is necessary for the decisions that people make. When someone tries to become confronting a certain law or custom that is forbidden, he wrote, he should feel a sense of revulsion. As neither Leopold nor Loeb had a working emotional arrangement, they did not experience revolted.^[5]

During the trial, the newspapers claimed that Darrow was presenting a "1000000 dollar defense" for the 2 wealthy families. Many ordinary Americans were angered at his credible greed. He had the families outcome a statement insisting that at that place would be no large legal fees and that his fees would exist determined by a committee equanimous of officers from the Chicago Bar Association. After trial, Darrow suggested $200,000 would be reasonable. Later lengthy negotiations with the defendants' families, he ended up getting some $70,000 in gross fees, which, later on expenses and taxes, netted Darrow $30,000, worth over $375,000 in 2016.^[20]

Scopes Trial [edit]

In 1925, Darrow defended John T. Scopes in the Country of Tennessee v. Scopes trial. It has often been called the "Scopes Monkey Trial," a championship popularized by writer and journalist H.L. Mencken. The trial, which was deliberately staged to bring publicity to the issue at hand, pitted Darrow against William Jennings Bryan in a court case that tested Tennessee's Butler Act, which had been passed on March 21, 1925. The act forbade the teaching of "the Development Theory" in whatsoever country-funded educational establishment. More broadly, information technology outlawed in country-funded schools (including universities) the teaching of "any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man equally taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower gild of animals."^[21]

During the trial, Darrow requested that Bryan exist called to the stand every bit an skilful witness on the Bible. Over the other prosecutor'south objection, Bryan agreed. Popular media^{[ citation needed ]} at the time portrayed the following exchange as the deciding cistron that turned public opinion against Bryan in the trial:

Darrow: "You have given considerable study to the Bible, oasis't you, Mr. Bryan?"

Bryan: "Yeah, sir; I take tried to.... But, of form, I have studied information technology more as I have become older than when I was a boy."

Darrow: "Practice y'all claim then that everything in the Bible should be literally interpreted?"

Bryan: "I believe that everything in the Bible should be accepted as it is given there; some of the Bible is given illustratively. For case: 'Ye are the common salt of the earth.' I would not insist that human being was actually salt, or that he had flesh of salt, just it is used in the sense of common salt as saving God's people."

Later on almost ii hours, Judge John T. Raulston cut the questioning short and on the following morning ordered that the whole session (which in any case the jury had not witnessed) be expunged from the record, ruling that the testimony had no bearing on whether Scopes was guilty of educational activity evolution. Scopes was found guilty and ordered to pay the minimum fine of $100.^[22]

A year later, the Tennessee Supreme Courtroom reversed the decision of the Dayton court on a procedural technicality—not on constitutional grounds, as Darrow had hoped. According to the courtroom, the fine should have been fix past the jury, not Raulston. Rather than send the case back for farther activeness, still, the Tennessee Supreme Courtroom dismissed the case. The court commented, "Zero is to exist gained by prolonging the life of this bizarre case."^[23]

The event led to a alter in public sentiment and an increased discourse on the cosmos claims of religious teachers versus those of secular scientists — i.due east., creationism compared to evolutionism — that notwithstanding exists. It also became popularized in a play based loosely on the trial, Inherit the Wind, which has been adjusted several times on film and tv set.^{[24] [25] [26]}

Ossian Sugariness [edit]

On September nine, 1925, a white mob in Detroit attempted to bulldoze a black family out of the home they had purchased in a white neighborhood. During the struggle, a white man was killed, and the eleven black men in the house were subsequently arrested and charged with murder. Ossian Sugariness, a md, and 3 members of his family were brought to trial, and afterwards an initial deadlock, Darrow argued to the all-white jury: "I insist that there is nothing but prejudice in this example; that if it was reversed and eleven white men had shot and killed a black man while protecting their habitation and their lives against a mob of blacks, nobody would accept dreamed of having them indicted. They would have been given medals instead...."^[27]

Following a mistrial, it was agreed that each of the eleven defendants would be tried individually. Darrow, alongside Thomas Chawke, would beginning defend Ossian'southward blood brother Henry, who had confessed to firing the shot on Garland Street. Henry was found not guilty on grounds of self-defense, and the prosecution adamant to driblet the charges on the remaining ten. The trials were presided over by Frank Spud, who went on to become Governor of Michigan and an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.^[28] Darrow's endmost argument, which lasted over vii hours, is seen every bit a landmark in the civil rights move and was included in the book Speeches that Changed the World (given the name "I Believe in the Law of Honey"). The two closing arguments of Clarence Darrow, from the first and second trials, show how he learned from the first trial and reshaped his remarks.^[29]

Massie Trial [edit]

The Scopes Trial and the Sweet trial were the last big cases that Darrow took on before he retired from total-time practise at the age of 68. He still took on a few cases such as the 1932 Massie Trial in Hawaii.

In his last headline-making case, the Massie Trial, Darrow, devastated by the Great Depression, was hired by Eva Stotesbury, the wife of Darrow'southward erstwhile family friend Edward T. Stotesbury, to come up to the defense of Grace Fortescue, Edward J. Lord, Deacon Jones, and Thomas Massie, Fortescue'south son-in-police force, who were accused of murdering Joseph Kahahawai. Kahahawai had been accused, along with four other men, of raping and beating Thalia Massie, Thomas's wife and Fortescue's daughter; the resulting 1931 case ended in a hung jury (though the charges were subsequently dropped and repeated investigation has shown them to be innocent). Enraged, Fortescue and Massie then orchestrated the murder of Kahahawai in club to extract a confession and were caught past police officers while transporting his dead trunk.

Darrow entered the racially charged temper as the lawyer for the defendants. Darrow reconstructed the case as a justified honor killing by Thomas Massie. Considered by The New York Times to be one of Darrow'south three most compelling trials (along with the Scopes Trial and the Leopold and Loeb case), the case absorbed the nation and nearly of white America strongly supported the laurels killing defense. In fact, the concluding defence force arguments were transmitted to the mainland through a special radio hookup. In the end, the jury came back with a unanimous verdict of guilty, but on the lesser law-breaking of manslaughter.^[30] As to Darrow's closing, 1 juror commented, "[h]eastward talked to u.s. like a agglomeration of farmers. That stuff may get over big in the Middle W, but not here."^[31] Governor Lawrence Judd later commuted the sentences to one hour in his office.^[32] Years later Deacon admitted to shooting Kahahawai; Massie was found "not Guilty" in a posthumous trial.^{[ citation needed ]}

Religious beliefs [edit]

"Why I Am An Agnostic" [edit]

As part of a public symposium on belief held in Columbus, Ohio in 1929, Darrow delivered a speech, later titled "Why I Am An Agnostic", on agnosticism, skepticism, belief, and organized religion.^[33] In the speech, Darrow thoroughly discussed the significant of being an doubter and questioned the doctrines of Christianity and the Bible. He ended that "the fearfulness of God is not the beginning of wisdom. The fear of God is the death of wisdom. Skepticism and doubt pb to report and investigation, and investigation is the kickoff of wisdom."^[34]

Mecca Temple Debate [edit]

In January 1931 Darrow had a debate with English language author G. K. Chesterton during the latter's 2nd trip to America. This was held at New York Metropolis'southward Mecca Temple. The topic was "Will the Globe Render to Religion?". At the end of the debate those in the hall were asked to vote for the human they thought had won the debate. Darrow received 1,022 votes while Chesterton received ii,359 votes. There is no known transcript of what was said except for third party accounts published later on. The earliest of these was that of Feb 4, 1931, consequence of The Nation with an article written past Henry Hazlitt.^{[35] [36]}

Position on eugenics [edit]

In the edition of November 18, 1915 of The Washington Mail, Darrow stated: "Chloroform unfit children. Show them the same mercy that is shown beasts that are no longer fit to live." However, Darrow was as well critical of some eugenics advocates.^{[37] [38]}

By the 1920s, the eugenics motion was very powerful and Darrow was a pointed critic of that motility. In the years immediately before the Supreme Court of the U.s.a. would endorse eugenics through Buck v. Bell,^[39] Darrow wrote multiple essays criticizing the illogic of the eugenicists, peculiarly the confirmation bias in eugenicist arguments.^[40]

In a 1925 essay, "The Edwardses and the Jukeses", he imitated the eugenicists' tracking of pedigrees every bit a way to demonstrate that their retrospective centuries-long family unit tree studies were omitting literally thousands of relatives whose lives did not support the researchers' preconceptions. Eugenicist arguments nigh the eminent Edwards family (of the theologian Jonathan Edwards) ignored that family's mediocre relatives, and even ignored some immediately related murderers. Eugenicist arguments about the Jukes family unit did just the opposite, leaving ignored or untraced many functional and police-abiding relatives.^[41]

In Darrow'southward subsequent essay, "The Eugenics Cult" (1926), he attacked the reasoning of eugenicists.^[42] "On the basis of what biological principles, and by what psychological hocus-pocus [Dr. William McDougall] reaches the conclusion that the ability to read intelligently denotes a good germ-plasm and desirable citizens I cannot say," he wrote.^[43] Darrow as well criticized the idea that humanity knows what qualities information technology would take to make humanity "meliorate," and compared humanity'due south biology experiments unfavorably to those of Nature.^[44]

Political career [edit]

Darrow was well-involved in Chicago'due south Democratic politics.^[45]

In the 1903 Chicago mayoral ballot at that place was a stiff push by members of the Chicago Federation of Labor and others to draft Darrow as a third-party candidate. Darrow considered accepting, and even seemed prepared to announce his candidacy, only ultimately declined to run.^[45]

Darrow served in the Illinois House of Representatives in 1903 and 1904 and was an Independent. He was elected to the Illinois General Assembly on a platform "advocating the municipal ownership of public utilities."^{[46] [47]}

Darrow was appointed in 1905 by newly elected Chicago mayor Edward Fitzsimmons Dunne to serve in the position of "Special Traction Counsel to the Mayor", assisting Dunne in his attempts to resolve the metropolis's traction problem.^{[45] [48]} He and Dunne had presented two plans to the Chicago City Council, both of which information technology rejected.^[45] Darrow resigned his position in November 1905.^[45]

Death [edit]

Darrow died on March 13, 1938, at his home, in Chicago, Illinois, of pulmonary heart illness.^{[49] [50]}

Legacy [edit]

Today, Clarence Darrow is remembered for his reputation as a tearing trial attorney who, in many cases, championed the cause of the underdog; because of this, he is generally regarded every bit one of the greatest criminal defence force lawyers in American history.

^{[ commendation needed ]}

According to legend, before he died, Darrow declared that if at that place was an afterlife, he would render on the small span (now known as the Clarence Darrow Memorial Bridge) located just south of the Museum of Science and Manufacture in Hyde Park, Chicago on the engagement of his death. Darrow was skeptical of a conventionalities in life after expiry (he is reported to have said: "Every human being knows when his life began... If I did not be in the by, why should I, or could I, exist in the future?") but he made this promise to dissuade mediums from charging people money to "talk" to his spirit. People nevertheless assemble on the bridge in the hopes of seeing his ghost.^[51]

Plays [edit]

• Darrow, a full-length one-human play created after his death, featuring Darrow's reminiscences near his career. Originated by Henry Fonda, many actors (including Leslie Nielsen and David Canary) accept since taken on the role of Darrow in this play, which was adapted as Darrow, a movie starring Kevin Spacey and released by American Playhouse in 1991.
• Inherit the Wind, a play (later adjusted to the screen) which is a broadly fictionalized account of the Scopes Trial. Though the authors note that the 1925 trial was "clearly the genesis" of their play, they insist that the characters had "life and language of their own." They also mention that the bug raised in the play "have caused new dimension and meaning", a possible reference to the political controversies of the 1950s. Still, they finish their foreword past inviting a more universal reading of the play: "It might have been yesterday. It could be tomorrow."^[52] Spencer Tracy played the Darrow graphic symbol ("Henry Drummond") in the movie, and Jason Robards plays him in a TV remake in 1988.
• Malice Aforethought: The Sugariness Trials is a play written by Arthur Beer, based on the trials of Ossian and Henry Sugariness, and derived from Kevin Boyle's Arc of Justice.^[53]
• My Proper name is Ossian Sweet, a docudrama written by Gordon C. Bennett, based on the Sweetness trials in which the blackness family was defended by Darrow against a charge of murder in Detroit 1925. Published (2011) at HeartlandPlays.com.
• Clarence Darrow by David W. Rintels, where Kevin Spacey again portrayed Darrow in this 1-man functioning in 2014^[54] and 2015.^[55]
• Clarence Darrow This evening! written and performed by Laurence Luckinbill, debuted at The Ensemble Theater in NYC and performed throughout the country, including at President Bill Clinton's second countdown in 1996. Winner of the 1996 Silver Gavel Accolade for Theater, given by the American Bar Association.
• During a constabulary interrogation at the police station in the 1949 movie Holiday Affair, the graphic symbol, Connie Ennis (Janet Leigh) said to the lieutenant (Harry Morgan), "Your honor, I think I tin can articulate this all up." The lieutenant said, "Become ahead, if Clarence Darrow hither doesn't have any objections." He was referring to her fiancé in the movie Carl Davis, played by Wendell Corey.

Film and television [edit]

• Compulsion, 1959 movie. Fictionalized account of the Leopold and Loeb trial. Orson Welles played the function of the defence chaser, based on Darrow.
• Alleged, starring Brian Dennehy and Fred Thompson
• The episode, "Defendant: Clarence Darrow" (January 13, 1963), with Tol Avery playing Darrow, in the CBS anthology series, GE True, hosted by Jack Webb. In the storyline, Darrow is charged in 1912 with attempted bribery of a juror. He is dedicated by Earl Rogers, played by Robert Vaughn. Darrow and Rogers debate passionately over legal procedures.^[56]

Publications [edit]

Non-fiction [edit]

• "Attorney for the Damned" (Arthur Weinberg, ed), published by University of Chicago Press in 2012; Simon and Schuster in 1957; provides Darrow's nearly influential summations and includes scene-setting explanations and comprehensive notes; on NYT best seller list nineteen weeks.
• Clarence Darrow: Attorney for the Damned past John A. Farrell, published by Doubleday in June 2011; includes new material opened to the public in June 2010 by the University of Minnesota Police Library through the Clarence Darrow Digital Drove
• Arc of Justice (Owl Books, 2004) by Kevin Boyle; in-depth look at the Ossian Sweet trial
• Clarence Darrow for the Defense force, a biography by historical novelist Irving Stone
• The People v. Clarence Darrow (ISBN 978-0-8129-2179-3) by Geoffrey Cowan; the history of the California criminal case against Darrow for attempting to ransom a juror while defending the McNamara brothers, 2 labor organizers accused of planting a bomb which destroyed the printing found of the Los Angeles Times and killed 21 workers.
• "Is Religion Necessary" (Haldeman-Julius Publications); a transcript of the debate between Clarence Darrow and Rev. Robert MacGovern, 1931.

Fiction [edit]

• Compulsion, a 1956 novel by Meyer Levin, is a dramatic retelling of the Leopold and Loeb example in which Darrow served every bit the ground for the character of Jonathan Wilk. The novel was adapted as a film of the aforementioned proper name in 1959 starring Orson Welles as Wilk. Welles, whose plea to the approximate for mercy for his clients was the longest monologue ever committed to movie at the time, shared the Best Histrion award with co-stars Bradford Dillman and Dean Stockwell at that year'southward Cannes Moving-picture show Festival.
• Damned in Paradise, a 1996 Nate Heller novel by Max Allan Collins, renders a fictionalized business relationship of the Massie Trial.
• The Angel of Darkness, a 1997 novel by Caleb Carr, features Darrow in a supporting role.

Other [edit]

• The Clarence Darrow Memorial Span is located in Chicago, just southward of the Museum of Science & Industry. The Clarence Darrow Commemorative Commission holds an almanac upshot to honor Darrow'south life and work.
• The complete collection of Clarence Darrow'south personal papers is housed at the Academy of Minnesota Libraries.
• Darrow is mentioned in "The Gift", a 1967 song by Lou Reed equally performed past The Velvet Underground on their 1968 anthology White Light/White Estrus.
• The chapter of Phi Blastoff Delta Police Fraternity, International located at the Academy of Maryland Carey School of Police is named the Clarence Darrow Chapter.
• A statue of Darrow stands outside the Rhea County Courthouse in Dayton, Tennessee, site of the 1925 Scopes Trial. The statue was erected on July 14, 2017, and stands just a few feet abroad from a statue of Darrow'south Scopes Trial opponent, William Jennings Bryan, erected in 2005.^[57]
• Darrow was reported to take distracted juries during the closing arguments of his opponents with a cigar flim-flam. He allegedly inserted a thin pianoforte wire into his cigar, which he lit up in the courtroom, to forbid the cigar ash from falling. The jury was reportedly distracted by the fact that the ashes, held together by the wire, never fell from Darrow's cigar.^{[58] [59]}

Books by Darrow [edit]

A volume of Darrow's boyhood reminiscences, entitled Farmington, was published in Chicago in 1903 by McClurg and Company.

Darrow shared offices with Edgar Lee Masters, who achieved more fame for his poetry, in particular, the Spoon River Album, than for his advancement.

The papers of Clarence Darrow are located at the Library of Congress and the University of Minnesota Libraries. The Riesenfeld Rare Books Enquiry Center^[lx] of the University of Minnesota Law School has the largest collection of Clarence Darrow material including personal messages to and from Darrow. Many of these letters and other material are bachelor on the U of 1000'due south Clarence Darrow Digital Collection^[61] website.

List of books [edit]

• An Eye for an Center
• Crime: Its Cause and Treatment
• Western farsi Pearl
• The Story of My Life
• Farmington
• Resist Not Evil
• Marx vs Tolstoy
• Closing Arguments on Religion, Law and Society
• The Myth of the Soul

References and further reading [edit]

• Baatz, Simon. For the Thrill of It: Leopold, Loeb and the Murder that Shocked Chicago (New York: HarperCollins, 2008)
• Blum, Howard. American Lightning: Terror, Mystery, the Nativity of Hollywood, and the Offense of the Century, 2008, Crown.^[62]
• Boyle, Kevin. Arc of Justice: A Saga of Race, Civil Rights and Murder in the Jazz Age (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 2004). (National Book Award Winner) ISBN 978-0-8050-7933-iii.
• Farrell, John Aloysius. "Clarence Darrow: Attorney for the Damned". Doubleday, New York: 2011. ISBN 0-385-52258-4.
• Hakim, Joy (1995). War, Peace, and All That Jazz. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN0-xix-509514-6.
• Haldeman-Julius, Marcet. Clarence Darrow'south Ii Great Trials: Reports of the Scopes Anti-Evolution Example and the Dr. Sweetness Negro Trial. Girard: Haldeman-Julius Co., 1927.^[63]
• Mackey, Approximate Alfred W. Clarence Darrow biography
• McRae, Donald. The Last Trials of Clarence Darrow (New York: William Morrow publishers, 2009). ISBN 978-0-06-116149-0.
• Morton, Richard Allen. "A Victorian Tragedy: The Foreign Deaths of Mayor Carter H. Harrison and Patrick Eugene Pendergast," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Spring 2003 (here).
• Ossian Sweet Murder Trial Scrapbook, 1925. Scrapbook and photocopy of the November. 1925 murder trial of Ossian Sugariness. Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University.^[64]
• Weinberg, Arthur (ed.). Chaser for the Damned: Clarence Darrow in the Courtroom." (Academy of Chicago Press, 1989) ISBN 978-0-226-13649-3.
• Weinberg, Arthur & Lila. "Clarence Darrow: A Sentimental Rebel" Atheneum; 1st Atheneum pbk. ed edition (March 1987)
• St. Johns, Adela Rogers: Last Verdict (Doubleday, 1962; biography of Earl Rogers, relating the events of Darrow'due south trials for jury bribery)
• Stone, Irving. Clarence Darrow For The Defence force (Garden City: Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1941).
• Toms, Robert. "Speech on the Sweet murder trials upon retirement of the prosecuting attorney in 1960." Clarke Historical Library, Key Michigan Academy.^[64]
• Vine, Phyllis. I Man'due south Castle: Clarence Darrow in Defense force of the American Dream. (New York: Amistad, 2005). ISBN 978-0-06-621415-3.

Master sources [edit]

• Chicago History Museum: Darrow bibliography (online hither).
• Darrow, Clarence. The Story of My Life. New York: Scribner, 1932.^[10]
• Darrow, Clarence. In the Clutches of the Police force: Clarence Darrow'due south Letters (ed. Randall Tietjen). Berkeley: UCP, 2013.
• Montefiore, Simon (introd.). Speeches That Inverse the World (rev. ed.). London: Quercus, 2014.
• University of Minnesota Law Schoolhouse, The Clarence Darrow Digital Drove. (2016)
• Academy of Minnesota Law School, The Clarence Darrow Digital Collection. (2019)

References [edit]

1. ^ Linder, Douglas O. (1997). "Who Is Clarence Darrow?" Archived March x, 2009, at the Wayback Automobile, The Clarence Darrow Home Page
2. ^ Hakim, Joy (1995). War, Peace, and All That Jazz. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN0-19-509514-six.
3. ^ Darrow, Clarence (1932). The Story of My Life. New York: Grosset and Dunlap. p. 12.
4. ^ Darrow, Clarence (1932). The Story of My Life. New York: Grosset and Dunlap. p. thirteen.
5. ^ ^{a b c d e} Darrow, Clarence (1932). The Story of My Life. New York: Grosset and Dunlap.
6. ^ "Clarence Darrow- Early Life and Law Career". jrank . Retrieved April 14, 2017.
7. ^ ^{a b} Clarence Darrow: Biography and Much More from Answers.com at www.answers.com
8. ^ Passport application, accessed through familysearch.org
9. ^ Donovan, Henry. "Chicago Eagle". Illinois Digital Newspaper Collections . Retrieved July 2, 2015.
10. ^ ^{a b} Darrow, Clarence. The Story of My Life, 1932. Projection Guttenberg.
11. ^ Foner, Phillip S. History of the Labor Movement in the United States: The AFL in the Progressive Era, 1910–1915, 1980.
12. ^ ^{a b} Farrell, John A. "Darrow in the Dock". Smithsonian Magazine, December 2011, Volume 42, Number 8, pp. 98–111.
13. ^ Cowan, The People five. Clarence Darrow: The Bribery Trial of America's Greatest Lawyer, 1994
14. ^ Cowan, Geoffrey (1993). The People V. Clarence Darrow: The Bribery Trial of America's Greatest Lawyer. New York: Random House.
15. ^ see in "Clarence Darrow: A Sentimental Rebel" by Arthur and Lila Weinberg.
16. ^ Farrell, John A., "Clarence Darrow: Jury Tamperer?" Smithsonian Mag, Dec. 2011. Retrieved 22 Dec. 2021.
17. ^ Adela Rogers St. Johns: Last Verdict, (Doubleday, 1962) 457.
18. ^ ^{a b} Riggenbach, Jeff (March 25, 2011). "Clarence Darrow on Liberty, Justice, and War". Mises Daily. Ludwig von Mises Found.
19. ^ JURIST – The Trial of Leopold and Loeb Archived November 3, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Prof. Douglas Linder. Retrieved November ii, 2010.
20. ^ See, A. Weinberg, ed., Chaser for the Damned, pp. 17–eighteen, north. 1 (Simon & Schuster, 1957)); Hulbert papers, Northwestern University.
21. ^ "Tennessee Anti-evolution Statute - UMKC School of Law".
22. ^ See Tenn. Const. art. VI, s. xiv; see also, Scopes v. State, 154 Tenn. 105, 289 South.W. 363 (1926)
23. ^ "Tennessee Country Supreme Court Opinion of Scopes Trial".
24. ^ Clarence Darrow at the American Film Institute Catalog
25. ^ O'Connor, John J. (March 18, 1988). "Television set Weekend; 'Inherit the Wind' and 'Hot Paint'". The New York Times . Retrieved February xviii, 2022. {{paywall]]
26. ^ "Geoffrey Gould reports from the set of Inherit the Current of air". jeffgould.internet . Retrieved February xviii, 2022.
27. ^ B. J., Widick (May 1, 1989). Detroit: City of Race and Class Violence (Revised ed.). Detroit, MI: Wayne Land Academy Press. p. 8.
28. ^ *Boyle, Kevin, Arc of Justice: A Saga of Race, Civil Rights and Murder in the Jazz Age (Henry Holt & Company, New York: 2004) (National Book Honour Winner) ISBN 978-0-8050-7933-3.
29. ^ "Darrow's Summations in the Sweet Trials (1925 &1926)". Law.umkc.edu. May 11, 1926. Archived from the original on June 24, 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
30. ^ David Stannard."The Massie instance: Injustice and courage". The Honolulu Advertiser, October 14, 2001.
31. ^ Stannard, David East. (2006) [Get-go published 2005]. Honor Killing: Race, Rape, and Clarence Darrow'southward Spectacular Concluding Case. Penguin Grouping. p. 382. ISBN978-0-14-303663-0.
32. ^ Page 86 "Archived re-create" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 8, 2013. Retrieved Feb 3, 2014. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived re-create as championship (link)
33. ^ The Essential Words and Writings of Clarence Darrow. Mod Library. 2007. p. 20. ISBN978-0812966770.
34. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 21, 2016. Retrieved October xv, 2015. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived re-create as title (link)
35. ^ "Clarence Darrow fence". American Chesterton Society. Apr xxx, 2012. Retrieved May 21, 2014.
36. ^ "M.K. Chesterton January, 1915". Clarence Darrow digital collection. Academy of Minnesota Law Schoolhouse. Archived from the original on May 21, 2014. Retrieved May 21, 2014.
37. ^ "The Scopes Trial - Clarence Darrow Myths". Bradburyac.mistral.co.uk. Dec 6, 1999. Retrieved October xx, 2013.
38. ^ "Darrow versus the Eugenicists". andrewekersten.com.vhost.zerolag.com. May 27, 2011. Archived from the original on Baronial 5, 2013. Retrieved October xx, 2013.
39. ^ "Buck v. Bong, 274 U.South. 200 (1927)".
40. ^ See Darrow, Clarence, "The Edwardses and the Jukeses." American Mercury. Vol. 6, October 1925, 147-57.
41. ^ Run across Darrow, Clarence, "The Edwardses and the Jukeses". American Mercury. Vol. six, October 1925, 147-57.
42. ^ See Darrow, Clarence, "The Eugenics Cult." American Mercury. Vol. 8, June 1926, 129-37.
43. ^ Darrow, Clarence, "The Eugenics Cult." American Mercury. Vol. 8, June 1926, 129-37.
44. ^ Run into Darrow, Clarence, "The Eugenics Cult". American Mercury. Vol. 8, June 1926, 129-37.
45. ^ ^{a b c d e} Morton, Richard Allen (June 29, 2016). Roger C. Sullivan and the Making of the Chicago Autonomous Machine, 1881-1908. McFarland. pp. xl, 140–141, 177. ISBN9781476623788 . Retrieved May xi, 2020.
46. ^ 'Illinois Blue Book 1903-1904,' Biographical Sketch of Clarence S. Darrow, pg. 367
47. ^ Our Campaigns.com.-Clarence Seward Darrow
48. ^ Justice and Humanity: Edward F. Dunne, Illinois Progressive. p. xiv-17. Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois Academy Press, 1997.
49. ^ "Clarence Darrow Is Dead in Chicago". The New York Times. March 14, 1938. Retrieved July iv, 2018.
50. ^ James Edward Sayer, "Clarence Darrow: Public Advocate", Wright State Univ. (1978), p 2.
51. ^ Kogan, Rick (March 4, 2016). "Clarence Darrow's Words, if Not His Ghost, Withal Linger in Jackson Park". Retrieved November 16, 2016.
52. ^ Jerome Lawrence and Robert East. Lee. Inherit the Wind. Bantam, 1955.
53. ^ "Sweet Trials Project". University of Detroit Mercy. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
54. ^ "Clarence Darrow (2014)". OldVicTheatre.com.
55. ^ "Clarence Darrow (2015)". OldVicTheatre.com. Kevin Spacey returns to The Old Vic stage in Clarence Darrow for a express run of six weeks just following his sell-out and critically acclaimed run of 22 performances in 2014.
56. ^ "GE Truthful: "Defendant: Clarence Darrow", January thirteen, 1963". Archetype Idiot box Annal. Archived from the original on October five, 2016. Retrieved March one, 2013.
57. ^ "At Site of Scopes Trial, Darrow Statue Belatedly Joins Bryan'due south". The New York Times . Retrieved July 15, 2017.
58. ^ "Renowned attorney trying to bring some L.A. into law". Chicago Tribune. March 31, 2004. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
59. ^ Andrus, R. Blain (2009). Lawyer: A Brief 5,000-year History. American Bar Association. p. 406. ISBN9781604425987.
60. ^ minor049 (February nine, 2017). "Riesenfeld Rare Books Research Center".
61. ^ "The Clarence Darrow Collection". April xix, 2012. Archived from the original on April 19, 2012.
62. ^ Blum, Howard. "Actress! Extra! Unionist Bombs Wreck The 'Times'". NPR. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
63. ^ Haldeman-Julius was an eye-witness to the trials. Excerpt regarding the Scopes Trial here, regarding the Sweetness Trials here and here.
64. ^ ^{a b} "Home | Central Michigan Academy". Clarke.cmich.edu. October 7, 2010. Retrieved Oct twenty, 2013.

External links [edit]

• An extract on the McNamara case from "Clarence Darrow: Attorney for the Damned."
• Ossian Haven Sweet American National Biography.
• Works by Clarence Darrow at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Clarence Darrow at Internet Archive
• Works by Clarence Darrow at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• Darrow Family scrapbooks at the Newberry Library
• Mary Field Parton-Clarence Darrow Papers at the Newberry Library
• John T. Jacobs-Clarence Darrow Papers at the Newberry Library
• Trial of the Century Endmost Argument
• Guide to the Clarence Darrow Papers 1913-1944 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Enquiry Centre

Share this post